Economics Definition

अर्थशास्त्र की परिभाषा

Economics has suffered more than any other discipline from the malaise of polemics about definition and method. Economics originally meant the management of a home, making the best use of limited resources. The Greek phrases OIKOS (a house) and NEMEIN (to manage) are where the English word “economics” comes from.

अर्थशास्त्र अध्ययन है, प्रकृति और पिछली पीढ़ियों द्वारा प्रदान किए गए दुर्लभ संसाधनों के उपयोग करने के लिए व्यक्ति और समाज कैसे चुनाव करते हैं। इस परिभाषा में मुख्य शब्द ‘चयन’ है ।अर्थशास्त्र एक व्यवहारिक या सामाजिक विज्ञान है। बड़े पैमाने पर यह इस बात का अध्ययन है कि लोग कैसे चुनाव करते हैं लोग जो विकल्प चुनते हैं, जब उन्हें जोड़ा जाता है, तो वे सामाजिक विकल्पों में परिवर्तित हो जाते हैं।

Economics is the ‘study of factors affecting income, wealth and welfare’. It is a social science that includes mathematics and statistics as well as physical sciences and links with many other disciplines. It is a social science so its application in real life is visible and continuous through many streams; Politics, education, environment, health care or simply your cost of living.

अर्थशास्त्र ‘आय, धन और कल्याण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का अध्ययन’ है। यह एक सामाजिक विज्ञान है जिसमें गणित और सांख्यिकी के साथ साथ भौतिक विज्ञान और कई अन्य विषयों के साथ संबंध शामिल हैं। यह एक सामाजिक विज्ञान है इसलिए वास्तविक जीवन में इसका अनुप्रयोग कई धाराओं के माध्यम से दृश्यमान और निरंतर है; राजनीति, शिक्षा, पर्यावरण, स्वास्थ्य देखभाल या रहने की लागत।

economics
Source – Wikimedia Commons

With the 1976 release of Adam Smith’s magnum opus, “An Enquiry into the Nature and Cause of Wealth of Nations,” the discipline of Economics was officially established. Political Economy was the name given to the discipline when it was first established, and it remained in use for nearly a century afterward. In its early days, economics was known as “the science of wealth” by its proponents. It was previously believed that economists were responsible for the generation and redistribution of wealth. As his most important work, “an enquiry into the nature and (scope) causes of wealth of nations” was widely regarded as Adam Smith’s greatest achievement.

1976 में एडम स्मिथ की महान रचना, “एनइंक्वायरी इनटू द नेचर एंड कॉज ऑफ वैल्थऑफ नेशंस” के विमोचन के साथ, अर्थशास्त्र अध्ययन का विषय आधिकारिक रूप से स्थापित हो गया। राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था इस अध्ययन के विषय को दिया गया नामथा, जब इसे पहली बार स्थापित किया गया था, और यह लगभग एक सदी बाद तक उपयोग में रहा।  अपने शुरुआती दिनों में, इसके समर्थकों द्वारा अर्थशास्त्र को “धन का विज्ञान” के रूप में जाना जाता था। पहले यह माना जाता था कि अर्थशास्त्री धन के सृजन और पुनर्वितरण केलिए जिम्मेदार थे। उनके सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कार्य के रूप में, “राष्ट्रों के धन की प्रकृति और (क्षेत्र) कारणों की जांच” व्यापक रूप से एडम स्मिथ की सबसे बड़ी उपलब्धि मानी जाती थी।

Although J. S. Mill considered economics to be “the practical science of the production and distribution of wealth,” this is not how he saw it.  J. B. Say, a French economist, claims that “Economics is the science which treats of Wealth”.  According to F. A. Walker, an American economist, “Economics is the body of knowledge which relates to wealth.”  

हालांकि जे.एस. मिल ने अर्थशास्त्रको “धन के उत्पादन और वितरण का व्यावहारिक विज्ञान” माना, लेकिन उन्होंने इसेइस तरह नहीं देखा।  एक फ्रांसीसी अर्थशास्त्री जे. बी. से का दावाहै कि “अर्थशास्त्र वह विज्ञान है जो धन काव्यवहार करता है”। एक अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्रीएफ. ए. वाकर के अनुसार, “अर्थशास्त्र ज्ञानका वह निकाय है जो धन से संबंधित है” ।

Alfred Marshall, a British economist, was the first to elevate the discipline of economics by shifting the focus from monetary wealth to material well-being. Money, in his view, was just a means to an end—the main thing being the betterment of people’s lives. This is how he describes economics, “Political Economy, or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being”.

अल्फ्रेड मार्शल, एक ब्रिटिश अर्थशास्त्री, मौद्रिक धन से भौतिक कल्याण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करके अर्थशास्त्र के अध्ययन को ऊपर उठाने वाले पहले अर्थशास्त्री थे। मुद्रा, उनके विचार में, अंत का एक साधन था – मुख्य बातलोगों के जीवन की बेहतरी है। वह अर्थशास्त्रका वर्णन इस प्रकार करते है, “राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था, या अर्थशास्त्र जीवन के सामान्य गतिविधि में मानव जाति का अध्ययन है; यह व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक क्रिया के उस हिस्से की जांच करता है जो कल्याण की भौतिक आवश्यकताओं की प्राप्ति और उपयोग के साथ सबसे निकट से जुड़ा हुआ है” ।

According to Robbins, “Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends as scarce means which have alternative uses”.In the roughly 40 years since Robbins’s view was popularised, the economy has shifted in a different direction. “Economics is concerned with the best use of the limited, available resources,” says Robbins. In recent years, however, economists have begun to recognise economics as more than just a theory of value or a method for allocating scarce resources.

रॉबिंस के अनुसार, “अर्थशास्त्र वह विज्ञान है जो मानव व्यवहार का वैकल्पिक उपयोग वाले दुर्लभ साधनों के रूप में लक्ष्यों के बीच संबंध के रूप में अध्ययन करता है” ।रॉबिंस के विचार के लोकप्रिय होने के लगभग 40 वर्षों में, अर्थव्यवस्था एक अलग दिशा में स्थानांतरित हो गई है। रॉबिन्स कहते हैं, “अर्थशास्त्र सीमित, उपलब्ध संसाधनों के सर्वोत्तम उपयोग से संबंधित है” । हाल के वर्षों में, हालांकि, अर्थशास्त्रियों ने अर्थशास्त्र को केवल मूल्य के सिद्धांत या दुर्लभ संसाधनोंके आवंटन के एक सिद्धांत से ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धांत मान्य करना शुरू कर दिया है।  

“Economics is defined as the study of administration of scarce resources and the determinants of income and employment,” wrote economist and Nobel laureate John Maynard Keynes. 

अर्थशास्त्री और नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता जॉन मेनार्ड कीन्स ने लिखा है, “अर्थशास्त्र को दुर्लभ संसाधनों के प्रबंधन एवं आय और रोजगार के निर्धारकों के अध्ययन के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है” ।

Definition of Economics by Prof. Samuelson

The definition of economics given by Prof. Samuelson is excellent and widely used; it has been appropriately labelled as a growth-oriented definition of economics. “Economics” is defined as “the study of how scarce productive resources are allocated over time and across different sectors of society in order to produce a range of goods for consumption both now and in the future,” where “scarce” and “productive” are terms that can be used interchangeably. 

The definition provided by Samuelson seems to be the most satisfying of the ones discussed above. It expands the scope of the topic to include crucial issues like income, output, employment, and growth while also presenting the choice problem in its dynamic setting. In addition, the Samuelson definition can be applied in a wide variety of contexts. It can be used for any economy, past, present, or future.  

The ‘Growth’ definition is also not limited to any particular economic system, as the problem of choice in a dynamic setting occurs in all economic systems, including communist, socialist, mixed, and market economies. It would appear that this is the current consensus on how best to define economics. However, the study of economics is never done. Time causes it to change and develop further. It’s possible that another definition will come to replace Samuelson’s in the future. 

प्रोफेसर सैमुएलसन द्वारा दी गई अर्थशास्त्रकी परिभाषा उत्कृष्ट और व्यापक रूप से उपयोग की जाती है; इसे उचित रूप से अर्थशास्त्र की विकासोन्मुख परिभाषा के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। “अर्थशास्त्र” को “वर्तमान और भविष्य में उपभोग के लिए वस्तुओं के उत्पादन करने के लिए समय के साथ और समाज के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में कितने दुर्लभ उत्पादक संसाधनों का आवंटन किया जाता है” के अध्ययन, जिसे “दुर्लभ” और“उत्पादक” के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है, ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका परस्पर उपयोग किया जा सकता है।  

सैमुएलसन द्वारा प्रदान की गई परिभाषा ऊपरकी गई चर्चाओं में सबसे अधिक संतोषजनकप्रतीत होती है। यह अपनी गतिशील परिस्थिति में पसंद की समस्या को प्रस्तुत करते हुए आय, उत्पादन, रोजगार और विकास जैसे महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दों को शामिल करने के लिए विषय के दायरे का विस्तार करता है।इसके अलावा, सैमुएलसन परिभाषा कोविभिन्न प्रकार के संदर्भों में लागू किया जासकता है। इसका उपयोग किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था, अतीत, वर्तमान या भविष्य के लिए किया जा सकता है।  

‘विकास’ की परिभाषा भी किसी विशेष आर्थिक प्रणाली तक सीमित नहीं है, क्योंकि एक गतिशील परिस्थिति में पसंद की समस्या साम्यवादी, समाजवादी, मिश्रित और बाजार अर्थव्यवस्थाओं सहित सभी आर्थिक प्रणालियों में होती है। ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि यह वर्तमान आम सहमति है कि अर्थशास्त्र को कैसे परिभाषित किया जाए। हालाँकि, अर्थशास्त्र का अध्ययन कभी नहीं किया जाता है। समय इसे बदलने और आगे विकसित करने का कारण बनता है। यह संभव है कि भविष्य में सैमुएलसन की जगह कोई अन्य परिभाषा आ जाए।

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